"This directory covers 21 country jurisdictions across the United States, the European Union, and international partners as of February 2026. Each page examines not just data protection legislation but also surveillance laws, intelligence agencies, data broker contracts, Internet exchange point taps, sureveillance company contracts, mutual legal assistance treaties (MLATs), data sharing agreements, data retention laws, encryption laws, child protection laws, oversight boards, and enforcement actions, because understanding privacy requires understanding the full picture."
"The directory is organized around the intelligence alliance framework that shapes modern signals intelligence cooperation: the Five Eyes (the core anglophone alliance), the Nine Eyes (adding four European partners), and the Fourteen Eyes (SIGINT Seniors Europe). These alliances determine how intercepted communications and personal data flow between governments, making them directly relevant to any assessment of a jurisdiction's privacy posture."
"A recurring finding across every jurisdiction in this directory is that privacy laws primarily protect a country's own citizens and residents. Nearly every nation examined here maintains legal exemptions that permit its intelligence agencies to collect, intercept, and retain foreign communications with fewer restrictions than apply to domestic targets. These foreign traffic exemptions, combined with intelligence-sharing alliances that allow partner nations to collect on eac"
A Privacy Law Directory surveys 21 country jurisdictions across the United States, the European Union, and international partners as of February 2026. Each jurisdiction page examines data protection laws, surveillance statutes, intelligence agencies, data broker contracts, Internet exchange point taps, surveillance company contracts, mutual legal assistance treaties (MLATs), data sharing agreements, data retention and encryption laws, child protection laws, oversight boards, and enforcement actions. The directory uses the Five Eyes, Nine Eyes, and Fourteen Eyes intelligence alliance framework to map how intercepted communications and personal data flow between governments. Privacy laws primarily protect domestic citizens; most nations maintain exemptions allowing intelligence agencies to collect, intercept, and retain foreign communications with fewer restrictions, and intelligence-sharing alliances amplify cross-border collection.
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