"Consideration is given first to the location and geographical importance of the Red Sea, then to natural dangers including winds, storms, heavy rains, coral reefs, and whirlpools and then to the human dangers, such as piracy carried out by some of the sharifs as well as the bedouin, the Portuguese fleet, and conflict over ports between the Mamluk and Rasulid states,"
"Change of tack? The English eleventh-century horse-tack explosion in context By Brandon Fathy Archaeological Journal Abstract: The eleventh century marked a significant transformation in English horse equipment, characterized by an unprecedented proliferation of copper-alloy horse tack. Analysing 3086 finds from the Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS), this research reveals a nearly 30-fold increase in copper-alloy horse equipment from the tenth to eleventh centuries, with 62% of finds being stirrup components."
Ten open-access medieval studies items published in August address topics including Viking depiction in Icelandic sagas, fish farming in China, maritime dangers in the Red Sea during the Mamluk period, and changes in English horse equipment. The Red Sea research distinguishes natural hazards—winds, storms, heavy rains, coral reefs, whirlpools—and human threats such as piracy by sharifs and bedouin, Portuguese naval activity, and port conflicts between Mamluk and Rasulid states, and outlines Mamluk preventive measures. Analysis of 3,086 Portable Antiquities Scheme finds shows a near thirty-fold increase in copper-alloy horse equipment from the tenth to the eleventh centuries, with 62% of finds being stirrup components.
Read at Medievalists.net
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