"The peasantry, working classes, middle classes, and nationalist movements sought fundamental change to issues such as land redistribution, workers' rights, and political representation. Although the tsar survived the first Russian Revolution of 1905, his failure to realise his promises of reform led to a second revolution in March 1917 and the obligation to abdicate. A third revolution in November 1917,"
"the Bolshevik Revolution, installed a new Soviet government led by Vladimir Lenin, who, after winning the Russian Civil War, was able to create the world's first communist state. The suffering of tens of millions in these decades of upheaval was a heavy price to pay for a new system of government, which was just as repressive as its predecessor. Since 1905, the working classes had grown significantly as Russia went through the process of industrialisation."
In the early 20th century the Russian Empire experienced growing unrest across peasantry, workers, middle classes, and nationalist movements over land, labour, and political representation. The 1905 revolution failed to secure promised reforms, and a second revolution in March 1917 forced the tsar to abdicate. The Bolsheviks seized power in November 1917 and, under Lenin after victory in the civil war, established the world's first communist state. Tens of millions suffered during decades of upheaval, and the new regime proved as repressive as its predecessor. Rapid industrialization produced about 18.5 million workers by 1917, concentrated in cities and politically influential.
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