Non-kinetic effects are military actions that influence or disrupt an adversary's systems without using physical force or causing direct destruction, rather than weapons like missiles or bombs. They often include cyber operations, electronic warfare and influence campaigns. The operation that ousted Maduro from Caracas included cyber effects that targeted radar and internet, as well as the city's power grid, which caused a temporary blackout.
Today's hacktivists frequently operate with methods and objectives more aligned with nation-state cyber operators than traditional digital vandals, pointing to calculated motives behind their actions.
