Giant kraken-like octopuses that used powerful beaks to crunch through bones of prey were among the most formidable predators of the Cretaceous oceans. Some ancient octopus species reached up to 19 metres in length, meaning they would have rivalled and possibly even preyed upon apex predators such as mosasaurs and plesiosaurs.
It was a bonnie morning 410 million years ago in what are now the Rhynie chert fossil beds in Scotland. The mists had begun to lift and swirl over the landscape, where hot springs burbled, lichen papered over rocks, and worms slithered as only worms can. Here, almost all life stayed close to the ground. The second-tallest organism at the time, a plant called , grew to a few centimeters at most.
These footprints represent the oldest evidence of amniotes on the planet, indicating their evolution occurred about 40 million years earlier than previously thought.