#education-policy

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#send-reform
#math-education
New York City
fromThe New Yorker
2 days ago

Will Zohran Mamdani Bring Change to New York's Gifted-and-Talented Program?

Ending kindergarten gifted-and-talented admissions has provoked intense political and media controversy centered on equity, race, and access to advanced opportunities.
fromwww.theguardian.com
2 days ago

What is the new gender guidance for schools and colleges in England?

It is, officially, just a small part of wider guidance for schools and colleges, titled Keeping Children Safe in Education, which covers everything from the basics of safeguarding, checks on staff and dealing with harassment. The section on students who might question their gender covers about five of the document's 201 pages, guiding institutions about what they should do in such circumstances. Unlike the previous guidance it is statutory it must be followed. It is currently being consulted on, and so will not come into force until September. The DfE says it will then be reviewed annually.
Education
Education
fromFast Company
3 days ago

The next great American innovation is in the trades

Education policy is shifting to value skills and apprenticeships, expanding ESAs and 529 uses to support career and trade pathways alongside college.
fromwww.independent.co.uk
3 days ago

Parents should be consulted when children question gender identity, schools told

Whether it's investigating the financials of Elon Musk's pro-Trump PAC or producing our latest documentary, 'The A Word', which shines a light on the American women fighting for reproductive rights, we know how important it is to parse out the facts from the messaging. At such a critical moment in US history, we need reporters on the ground. Your donation allows us to keep sending journalists to speak to both sides of the story.
LGBT
Education
fromInsideHook
3 days ago

Gen Z Labeled "Dumber" Than Their Parents, But Also "Overconfident"

Generation Z is scoring lower on standardized academic tests and underperforming in attention, memory, literacy, numeracy, executive function, and general IQ compared with previous generation.
#gender-identity
Education
fromwww.independent.co.uk
5 days ago

Experts reveal the impact mobile phone use in schools has on student wellbeing

Restrictive school mobile phone policies do not improve student mental wellbeing and require substantial staff time to enforce.
#special-educational-needs
fromwww.theguardian.com
2 months ago
UK politics

The Guardian view on the Send crisis: Bridget Phillipson must be tough with the Treasury so children aren't penalised | Editorial

fromwww.theguardian.com
2 months ago
UK politics

The Guardian view on the Send crisis: Bridget Phillipson must be tough with the Treasury so children aren't penalised | Editorial

fromwww.mercurynews.com
6 days ago

Letters: Fremont's new police chief should have come from the ranks

I am new to the East Bay Times branch of Bay Area news. God bless it. You cover local news. You inform us of state news. You pull strong, relevant pieces from the Los Angeles Times and other papers. You still have comics. The op-ed by Mark Barabak should be read by all. I taught at California community colleges for 40 years and used good journalism as writing models, points of discussion and assignments.
California
California
fromThe Mercury News
1 week ago

Letters: Betty Yee is our best choice to run the state

Select experienced, pragmatic leadership to restore fiscal stability, and implement evidence-based teaching and curriculum to improve student outcomes.
Education
fromFast Company
1 week ago

More schools are banning phones so students can focus. Ohio's results show it's not that simple

K-12 cellphone bans and limits have expanded across states, increasing in-person student interaction and prompting varied school enforcement methods.
New York City
fromCbsnews
1 week ago

Holocaust survivor speaks at Brooklyn middle school after controversy involving principal

A Holocaust survivor was denied a school visit over alleged political content; the DOE intervened, the survivor spoke to students, and the principal faces scrutiny.
#send-funding
Education
fromIndependent
1 week ago

'We are your nearest EU neighbour' - ambassador urges Irish primary schools to adopt French in new language drive

Primary schools in Ireland are urged to introduce French, supported by the French embassy supplying 90 language assistants and facilitating teacher exchanges.
#first-amendment
fromAdvocate.com
1 week ago
US politics

Maryland school district didn't violate teacher's rights by requiring chosen pronoun use, appeals court rules

fromLGBTQ Nation
1 week ago
US politics

Federal court rules that Christian teacher has to follow the rules & use trans kids' pronouns - LGBTQ Nation

fromAdvocate.com
1 week ago
US politics

Maryland school district didn't violate teacher's rights by requiring chosen pronoun use, appeals court rules

fromLGBTQ Nation
1 week ago
US politics

Federal court rules that Christian teacher has to follow the rules & use trans kids' pronouns - LGBTQ Nation

Education
fromNature
2 weeks ago

How learning handwriting trains the brain: the science behind the cursive wars

Cursive penmanship is being reinstated in schools because pen-based letter production activates the brain more than typing, though cursive-specific benefits remain limited.
#student-journalism
US news
fromThe Washington Post
2 weeks ago

Can you pass this quiz on Black history?

February is dedicated to celebrating Black Americans' achievements and challenges, originating with Carter G. Woodson's 1926 Negro History Week and formalized in 1976.
Education
fromIndependent
2 weeks ago

Katriona O'Sullivan: 'The rhetoric around whether the hot school meals are good enough is infuriating and stinks of ignorance'

School meals and caring adults provide essential food, warmth, and emotional support that matter more than classroom lessons for many children.
Education
fromwww.standard.co.uk
2 weeks ago

Controversial plans to build huge school on site of old south London brewery set to be scrapped

The government cancelled plans for Livingstone Academy West London and other mainstream free schools while reallocating funds to expand SEND places, prompting Richmond Council to appeal.
Education
fromwww.bbc.com
2 weeks ago

Keep suspended pupils in school, ministers say

On-site internal suspensions should replace sending pupils home for non-violent incidents, keeping pupils in school for structured learning and reflection.
Education
fromwww.independent.co.uk
2 weeks ago

The lack of support Send parents receive laid bare ahead of new government reforms

Nearly half of parents of children with SEND fear vital support will be reduced amid proposed government reforms, causing job losses and reduced work hours.
Education
fromwww.independent.co.uk
2 weeks ago

AI tutoring to be introduced across UK schools

The UK government plans AI tutoring in schools by end of 2027, co-created with teachers and tech firms to provide one-to-one support for disadvantaged pupils.
#mobile-phone-ban
Education
fromwww.independent.co.uk
2 weeks ago

Education Secretary tells teachers to make sure schools are phone-free

England's Education Secretary urged headteachers to ban mobile phones throughout the school day, forbidding use as calculators or for research, and insisting on consistent enforcement.
fromwww.theguardian.com
2 weeks ago

Schools in England should be phone-free all day, education secretary says

Schools should be phone-free throughout the entire day, the education secretary has told headteachers in England, stressing that pupils should not use the devices even as calculators or for research. Bridget Phillipson wrote to schools to underline updated guidance issued by the government last week, according to the BBC. Schools should make sure those policies are applied consistently across classes, and at all times and we want parents to back these policies too, Phillipson said.
Education
LGBT
fromLGBTQ Nation
3 weeks ago

Republicans want to expand Iowa's Don't Say Gay law to high schoolers - LGBTQ Nation

Iowa lawmakers advanced a bill to extend the state's 'Don't Say Gay' restrictions from K-6 to K-12, banning instruction on gender theory and sexual orientation.
fromAbc
3 weeks ago

Should financial literacy be mandatory in schools?

"Along with women, young people between the ages of 12 and 24 are the most financially illiterate demographic," Financial Basics Foundation chief executive Katrina Samios said.
Business
fromFortune
3 weeks ago

Trump's Education Department accuses New York school district of 'erasing its Native American heritage' with name change | Fortune

The Long Island district, like others in the state, changed its team name in order to comply with state regulations banning Native American sports names and mascots. But federal education officials argue the state mandate violates civil rights law because it allows schools to continue using names derived from other racial or ethnic groups, such as the "Dutchmen" and "Huguenots."
Social justice
New York City
fromwww.amny.com
3 weeks ago

WINTER STORM WATCH: NYC students will have online learning if snow shutters schools on Monday, says Mayor amNewYork

New York City public schools will not have traditional snow days; they will hold in-person classes or switch to remote learning during major winter storms.
Education
fromwww.amny.com
3 weeks ago

New NYC public schools chancellor on snow days: Let's see where we go

NYC public schools will provide virtual instruction on Jan. 26 due to a potential snowstorm; middle and high school students have a professional development day.
UK politics
fromwww.theguardian.com
3 weeks ago

As a parent and a Conservative I know that banning social media for under-16s is the right thing to do | Kemi Badenoch

Children need protection from harmful online content; Conservatives propose banning smartphones in schools and social media for under-16s to safeguard development.
#project-2025
fromwww.npr.org
3 weeks ago
US politics

Trump has rolled out many of the Project 2025 policies he once claimed ignorance about

Project 2025 policies have been implemented by the administration, influencing immigration enforcement and reshaping or dismantling parts of the Department of Education.
fromAxios
1 month ago
US politics

Trump enacted dozens of Project 2025 goals. Here's what's left

Project 2025 advances major conservative education reforms including dismantling the Department of Education, converting IDEA funding, expanding parental rights, mandatory ASVAB testing, and targeting Head Start.
US politics
fromScary Mommy
4 weeks ago

Leaked New Hampshire GOP Group Chat Discusses Segregating Schools

New Hampshire Republican officials suggested segregating public schools and linked segregation to improved standardized test scores.
fromwww.independent.co.uk
1 month ago

200 million to be spent on Send training for teachers

From reproductive rights to climate change to Big Tech, The Independent is on the ground when the story is developing. Whether it's investigating the financials of Elon Musk's pro-Trump PAC or producing our latest documentary, 'The A Word', which shines a light on the American women fighting for reproductive rights, we know how important it is to parse out the facts from the messaging.
Education
#title-ix
fromLGBTQ Nation
1 month ago
Education

Education Dept. says its "aggressively pursuing" 14 schools over trans-inclusive sports policies - LGBTQ Nation

fromBuzzFeed News
2 years ago
US politics

Advocates Say A Proposed Change To Title IX Rules Are A "Betrayal" To Trans Rights And Could Bar Trans Athletes From Competitive Sports

fromLGBTQ Nation
1 month ago
Education

Education Dept. says its "aggressively pursuing" 14 schools over trans-inclusive sports policies - LGBTQ Nation

fromBuzzFeed News
2 years ago
US politics

Advocates Say A Proposed Change To Title IX Rules Are A "Betrayal" To Trans Rights And Could Bar Trans Athletes From Competitive Sports

#transgender-rights
fromAdvocate.com
1 month ago
LGBT

The trans athletes at the center of Supreme Court cases don't fit conservative stereotypes

Two transgender girls challenge state bans that prevented them from competing on girls' sports teams, arguing the bans violate their rights.
fromLGBTQ Nation
1 month ago
LGBT

Bush judge rules that Christian teachers can out trans kids if they want to - LGBTQ Nation

A federal judge ruled that two teachers may refuse to follow a school district policy requiring use of transgender students' chosen names and pronouns.
fromwww.mercurynews.com
1 month ago

Bay Area schools dismissed antisemitism complaints. The state stepped in.

Months before a San Jose high school attracted national attention when an image of students forming a human swastika on a football field went viral, a Jewish student in the Santa Cruz Mountains was targeted in a way that left no ambiguity, according to state records: A classmate allegedly taped a Nazi flag to the student's back without his knowledge, snapped a photo and made a hand puppet that resembled Adolf Hitler. San Lorenzo Valley Unified School District investigated the incident and closed the case.
Education
#social-media-ban
UK politics
fromwww.theguardian.com
1 month ago

Kemi Badenoch says Tories would ban under-16s from addictive' social media

Conservatives propose banning social media for under-16s, enforcing age verification and banning smartphones in schools to reduce platform-driven addiction, anxiety, and distraction among teenagers.
France news
fromwww.thelocal.fr
1 month ago

PODCAST: France takes fight to social media and how the Clooneys became French

France faces nationwide strikes, a proposed ban on social media for under-15s and debate over George Clooney's newly acquired French citizenship.
Philosophy
fromApaonline
1 month ago

The Limits of "Indoctrination" Talk

Debates over education often conflate ideological disagreement with genuine indoctrination; principled procedural criteria can help distinguish indoctrination from legitimate education.
East Bay (California)
fromThe Oaklandside
1 month ago

10 new laws that will impact California schools in 2026

California enacted education laws creating a state Office of Civil Rights, restricting immigration enforcement on campuses, and changing rules on truant parents and discrimination protections.
US politics
fromLos Angeles Times
1 month ago

Teachers have a right to tell parents if their child might be LGBTQ+, federal judge rules

A court ruled California teachers may notify parents about a student's gender expression, blocking district rules that prohibit such disclosures and limiting school privacy policies.
Education
fromwww.independent.co.uk
1 month ago

More than 100 private schools forced to close due to government VAT on fees'

More than 100 independent schools have closed after the government imposed 20% VAT on private school fees, with further closures expected.
fromThe Atlantic
1 month ago

Reading Is a Vice

This decline is only getting steeper. Over the past decade, American students' reading abilities have plummeted, and their reading habits have followed suit. In 2023, just 14 percent of 13-year-olds read for fun almost every day, down from 27 percent a decade earlier. A growing share of high-school and even college students struggle to read a book cover to cover.
Books
UK politics
fromwww.theguardian.com
1 month ago

From Send to single-sex spaces: key tests facing Keir Starmer in 2026

Proposed education reforms risk removing EHCPs and prompting Labour rebellions amid financial pressure from rising numbers of children with autism and ADHD.
Education
fromTruthout
1 month ago

Racial Harassment of Students Ignored by Trump's Department of Education

The Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights halted new racial-harassment resolution agreements under the Trump administration, leaving Black students’ complaints without fresh federal agreements.
LGBT
fromwww.mercurynews.com
1 month ago

Federal judge finds parents have right to receive gender information

Parents have a constitutional right to be informed if their children socially transition at school and teachers have a constitutional right to tell parents.
fromThe Atlantic
1 month ago

America's Schools Are Less Divided Than You Think

In August of 2022, a resident of Denton, Texas, appeared before his school board to demand the removal of a salacious library book. He read aloud passages from the novel describing detailed sexual acts. But the book he was reading from, Love Lies Beneath, wasn't actually available in the school district's libraries. He had confused the sexy psychological thriller with Lies Beneath, a young-adult novel about mermaids.
Education
fromwww.bbc.com
1 month ago

UK lacks 'coherent' social mobility plan, top government adviser says

We have a government that talks quite a lot about social mobility, but mainly about individuals often about [the] social mobility of themselves or their colleagues," Francis said. "But what we don't have is a coherent approach to social mobility as a useful concept that you can build a strategy around.
UK politics
Books
fromwww.npr.org
1 month ago

10 books to help you understand America as its 250th birthday approaches

A curated selection of ten U.S.-focused history books reveals how race, education, and military events shaped the nation's development.
fromThe New Yorker
1 month ago

Dyslexia and the Reading Wars

In 2024, my niece Caroline received a Ph.D. in gravitational-wave physics. Her research interests include "the impact of model inaccuracies on biases in parameters recovered from gravitational wave data" and "Petrov type, principal null directions, and Killing tensors of slowly rotating black holes in quadratic gravity." I watched a little of her dissertation defense, on Zoom, and was lost as soon as she'd finished introducing herself. She and her husband now live in Italy, where she has a postdoctoral appointment.
Mental health
Education
fromFast Company
1 month ago

Why the 'one chatbot per child' model in classrooms may be flawed

AI tutors can personalize instruction but risk undermining the fundamentally social nature of K-12 learning and require careful, evidence-based implementation.
US politics
fromLGBTQ Nation
1 month ago

State Supreme Court invalidates MAGA education head's Christian Nationalist curriculum - LGBTQ Nation

Oklahoma Supreme Court ruled Ryan Walters violated the Open Meeting Act by pushing Christian nationalist curriculum changes without proper public notice.
fromFortune
1 month ago

Gen Z is on the fence about AI in the classroom. That's a good thing | Fortune

According to newly released research, two-thirds of high schoolers agree or strongly agree that using AI too much could make them overly dependent on the technology or less intelligent. This data reinforces how many students feel about AI: they are curious - and cautious. For all the handwringing about an "AI-fueled decline in learning," teenagers may actually understand the stakes better than adults think. What they want are more guardrails to help them use AI responsibly and fairly, and that's where schools need to catch up, quick.
Education
fromLGBTQ Nation
1 month ago

"Reeks of desperation": Trump slams trans people early in national TV address - LGBTQ Nation

"I inherited a mess, and I'm fixing it," President Donald Trump said at the start of his 20-minute Wednesday evening national address, soon adding, "We had men playing in women's sports, transgender for everybody," barely a minute into his speech. "For the last four years, the United States was ruled by politicians who fought only for insiders, illegal aliens, career criminals, corporate lobbyists, prisoners, terrorists and, above all, foreign nations," he said, "They indoctrinated your children with hate for America."
US politics
Education
fromwww.npr.org
1 month ago

Test scores in U.S. schools are down. Are smartphones to blame?

U.S. student test scores declined since the early 2010s, with policy shifts and rising student smartphone use identified as likely contributing factors.
UK politics
fromwww.independent.co.uk
1 month ago

Schools to tackle influence of Andrew Tate with compulsory lessons on consent

UK government will launch a £36m strategy mandating healthy-relationship education, teacher training, and intervention programmes to tackle misogynistic influencers and reduce violence.
fromwww.theguardian.com
1 month ago

EU Erasmus scheme to reopen to UK students for first time since Brexit

Young people across the UK will be able to study or gain work experience through the EU's Erasmus scheme for the first time since Brexit, after the government announced an agreement to rejoin at a cost of 570m. The scheme officially known as Erasmus+ will be reopened to those involved in education, training, culture and sport from 2027, after discussions in London and Brussels to fulfil a Labour election manifesto pledge.
Europe politics
UK news
fromwww.bbc.com
2 months ago

Plea after girl, 13, died copying social media trend

A 13-year-old girl died after imitating a TikTok 'chroming' trend; her mother urges schools to teach solvent-abuse dangers and stricter product warnings.
fromwww.independent.co.uk
2 months ago

Hugh Grant says moving GCSE and A-Level exams online would be a catastrophe'

From reproductive rights to climate change to Big Tech, The Independent is on the ground when the story is developing. Whether it's investigating the financials of Elon Musk's pro-Trump PAC or producing our latest documentary, 'The A Word', which shines a light on the American women fighting for reproductive rights, we know how important it is to parse out the facts from the messaging.
US politics
fromBusiness Insider
2 months ago

Trump's plan to limit student loans for nurses is facing bipartisan backlash

Opposition toward new student-loan limits in President Donald Trump's repayment overhaul is mounting. On Friday, a bipartisan group of over 140 lawmakers sent a letter to Under Secretary of Education Nicholas Kent urging him to revise the Department of Education's proposal to place new student-loan limits on professional degree programs. The department recently concluded its negotiations on the student-loan payment changes that Trump signed into law in his "big beautiful" spending legislation. The changes included borrowing caps for graduate and professional students: a $100,000 lifetime limit for graduate students, and a $200,000 lifetime limit for professional students.
US politics
US politics
fromwww.esquire.com
2 months ago

So Greg Abbott Thinks Its a Good Idea to Let the Charlie Kirk Martyrdom Cult into Schools Now

Governor Greg Abbott is pressuring Texas high schools to allow Turning Point USA 'Club America' chapters and to report schools that block them.
fromwww.independent.co.uk
2 months ago

GCSE and A-Level exams could be set for major shake-up

Proposals in a consultation launched on Thursday could see GCSEs in smaller-entry subjects, including certain languages, and most A-level exams excluding maths moved onto screens by the end of the decade. Ofqual is asking for views on allowing each of the four exam boards to propose two new specifications for on-screen assessment, replacing traditional pen and paper.
US politics
fromwww.mediaite.com
2 months ago

Trump Pours Cold Water All Over Reports He's Looking to Fire Kristi Noem

I read a story that I was unhappy with Pete because he was attacking drug dealers, Trump replied, adding: I said, That's not exactly right. I would say very much the opposite. Pete Hegseth has been phenomenal. I read a story recently I'm unhappy with Kristi [Noem]. I'm so happy with her. I mean, we have a closed border. We have a border that's the best border in the history of our country. Why would I be unhappy with that? She's fantastic, actually.
US politics
Public health
fromHarvard Gazette
2 months ago

The problem with the school smartphone debate - Harvard Gazette

Nearly all U.S. public schools have written cellphone policies, but the central issue is whether those policies are being consistently enforced.
fromScary Mommy
2 months ago

Could A 4-Day School Week Work Without A 4-Day Workweek?

In a report conducted by the Guardian, the proposal of a four-day week for schools was met with an overwhelmingly positive response. Parents cited everything from their children's mental health to not worrying so much about absences as reasons for the four-day week to work. Teachers even loved the idea, noting that if the fifth day of the week were simply a teacher workday, it would free up their weekends from school and teaching tasks, allowing them to actually get a much-needed (and deserved) break.
Education
#spanish-english-bilingualism
Education
fromBoston.com
2 months ago

Parents give ringing endorsement to school cellphone ban in new poll

A majority of Massachusetts parents (66%) support a statewide ban on cellphones and smartwatches during the school day.
fromwww.independent.co.uk
2 months ago

Training for the 11-plus may be making your child less intelligent, experts warn

Whether it's investigating the financials of Elon Musk's pro-Trump PAC or producing our latest documentary, 'The A Word', which shines a light on the American women fighting for reproductive rights, we know how important it is to parse out the facts from the messaging. At such a critical moment in US history, we need reporters on the ground. Your donation allows us to keep sending journalists to speak to both sides of the story.
US politics
LGBT
fromLGBTQ Nation
2 months ago

They punished a devoted teacher & called her a lesbian "witch." Now she's having the last laugh. - LGBTQ Nation

A longtime San Diego special education leader won a settlement after alleging demotion and harassment by an anti-LGBTQ+ school board majority.
fromLGBTQ Nation
2 months ago

GOP bill seeks to fire teachers who affirm trans students even if parents are okay with it - LGBTQ Nation

Missouri State Sen. Joe Nicola (R) introduced a bill that would ban "social transition" in schools and forcibly out any transgender and nonbinary students to their potentially unsupportive parents if the students ask a school staff member to address them by a name or gender identity different from the sex assigned to them at birth. The bill would also allow teachers to be fired and banned from teaching,
LGBT
Education
fromwww.dw.com
2 months ago

Chile to ban smartphones in classrooms DW 12/03/2025

Chile will ban smartphones in elementary and secondary school classrooms starting March 2026, with narrow exceptions for emergencies and special needs.
fromwww.theguardian.com
2 months ago

The Guardian view on a four-day week for teachers: a clever way to end the staffing crisis

Can you guess which professionals in England work 26 hours of overtime a week without compensation, give up time with friends and family to deal with the workload and often find themselves on call in the holidays? Not CEOs, bankers or even doctors, but teachers. No wonder, then, that teaching vacancies are at the highest level ever. Workload is the top concern that teachers cite for leaving the profession, with almost as many quitting as those who joined last year.
Education
Canada news
fromwww.cbc.ca
2 months ago

Delayed EQAO results released, Ontario to review standardized testing approach as math improvement too slow | CBC News

Ontario will appoint advisers to review standardized testing after math scores remain low, with only about half of Grade 6 students meeting standards.
Education
fromwww.mercurynews.com
2 months ago

Opinion: California schools can stop truancy without arresting parents

Criminalizing chronic student absenteeism is ineffective and counterproductive; punitive truancy laws fail to address root causes and can worsen educational outcomes.
Mental health
fromFatherly
2 months ago

Are Our Chidlren Really So Mentally Unwell?

School failures, digital life, pandemic effects, political division, and clinical trends are increasing psychiatric diagnoses of children's emotional and behavioral distress.
fromwww.theguardian.com
2 months ago

Schools urged to trial four-day week to ease pressure on teachers in England and Wales

The 4 Day Week Foundation has written to the education secretary calling for greater autonomy for schools to pilot shorter working weeks, saying the government will not be able to meet its manifesto pledge of recruiting 6,500 new teachers without change. It comes after the Scottish government announced new proposals last week for teachers to be able to work a flexible four-day teaching week, which would see them given one day a week to focus on work such as preparation and marking.
Education
fromTruthout
2 months ago

Educators Worry Palestine Censorship Could Reshape Public Education Entirely

A wave of bills introduced this year in state legislatures across the country sought to censor Palestine-related education in public schools. Several passed with the support of pro-Israel Democratic lawmakers, a trend that educators and First Amendment advocates told Truthout reflects the alignment of pro-Israel groups with MAGA forces. As these efforts continue, many said they fear public education could be reshaped far beyond social studies classrooms and the topics of Israel and Palestine.
US politics
fromTruthout
2 months ago

The Right Wants to Write Indigenous People Out of US History. We Won't Let Them.

A new vision for the United States is being forced into place - one rooted not in liberty or justice, but in subjugation and the quiet normalization and acceptance of fascism. You can see it in the memes, the slogans, and the curated nostalgia flooding social media accounts aligned with the Trump administration. You can see it in the way frontier and 1950s iconographies have returned not as history but as aspiration.
US politics
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