To meet the growing demand for ubiquitous access, future sixth-generation (6G) and beyond (XG) networks are anticipated to adaptively use full-spectrum resources for diverse application scenarios1,2,3 (Fig. 1a). For example, high-frequency millimetre wave and sub-terahertz bands will provide further increased data speed and reduced latency, facilitating emerging data-intensive services such as extended reality (XR) and remote surgery8. Meanwhile, the low-loss sub-6 GHz and microwave bands continue to provide wide spatial coverage in rural areas or urban centres9,10.