Biological systems, including brain circuits and neurochemicals, influence subjective time perception. Distortions occur in psychological conditions like anxiety, ADHD, and mood disorders. Anxious individuals experience fragmented attention, leading to a consistent underestimation of time, making it seem to fly by. Perception varies between enjoyable and unpleasant experiences; for instance, enjoyable conversations feel shorter whereas stressful meetings feel longer. Time perception inaccuracies manifest in both pathological and non-pathological conditions and are influenced by emotional states prior to specific events.
Perception of time is very dynamic. We can accurately judge how much time has passed, or inaccurately perceive that time duration is longer or shorter than the actual time passed.
Recent research suggests that time perception is distorted in different ways in various psychological conditions such as mood, anxiety, autism, impulse-control, ADHD, and dissociative disorders.
Underestimation of time is when we perceive time intervals as shorter than they actually are. For example, an interesting thirty-minute conversation with a friend may feel only 10 minutes long.
Overestimation is when we perceive time intervals as longer than they actually are. A 30-minute meeting with an unpleasant boss may feel like 60 minutes.
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