#international-law

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World news
fromwww.aljazeera.com
19 hours ago

Who will answer for the Iranian schoolchildren killed in Minab?

A US missile strike destroyed a primary school in Minab, Iran, killing over 170 people mostly children, with investigation suggesting deliberate targeting while US officials deny responsibility and accountability mechanisms remain unclear.
#war-crimes
Right-wing politics
fromwww.dw.com
1 day ago

Pete Hegseth has been loyal defense secretary for Trump

US Secretary of Defense Pete Hegseth's statements about rules of engagement and treatment of enemies risk violating international law, though rhetoric alone is not punishable unless formulated as orders resulting in armed forces actions.
Right-wing politics
fromwww.dw.com
1 day ago

Pete Hegseth: Who is Trump's Secretary of War?

US Secretary of Defense Pete Hegseth's statements about rules of engagement and treatment of enemies risk violating international law and could constitute war crimes if implemented as orders.
Right-wing politics
fromwww.dw.com
1 day ago

Pete Hegseth has been loyal defense secretary for Trump

US Secretary of Defense Pete Hegseth's statements about rules of engagement and treatment of enemies risk violating international law, though rhetoric alone is not punishable unless formulated as orders resulting in armed forces actions.
Right-wing politics
fromwww.dw.com
1 day ago

Pete Hegseth: Who is Trump's Secretary of War?

US Secretary of Defense Pete Hegseth's statements about rules of engagement and treatment of enemies risk violating international law and could constitute war crimes if implemented as orders.
fromwww.aljazeera.com
1 day ago

Ireland's Micheal Martin and Trump in awkward St Patrick's Day exchange

The 65-year-old taoiseach Irish for prime minister was under political pressure to talk tough to Trump about the war on Iran. But as the Irish Times newspaper noted, he remained effectively mute for the first 20 minutes as the US president held forth on a range of grievances, including the resignation of Kent, director of the US National Counterterrorism Center.
Europe politics
fromwww.mediaite.com
1 day ago

Irish Prime Minister Sits in Awkward Silence as Trump Refers to Female President of Ireland as a Man

Look, he's lucky I exist. That's all I can say, because if you're gonna allow countries that are sick and demented—and they are demented—to have nuclear weapons everybody in the whole world should be very thankful, and I'm disappointed in NATO. Very disappointed.
Europe news
fromThe Walrus
2 days ago

Where Do the Disappeared Go? | The Walrus

There is nothing more dangerous than an enforced disappearance. Think about the word for a moment: disappearance. Imagine waking up to find that a relative has vanished without a trace, or that you've been torn away from your family with no explanation. When you're disappeared, anything can happen to you, from verbal humiliation to physical torture or even death.
World news
fromwww.theguardian.com
3 days ago

UK complicit in desecration of international law in Gaza, says Corbyn-led tribunal

Britain's failure to meet its legal obligations has contributed to the mass killing of Palestinian civilians and the wholesale destruction of civilian objects, the desecration of international law and the further erosion of Britain's status as a nation committed to the rule of law in the international arena.
UK politics
World politics
fromwww.aljazeera.com
4 days ago

How Trump's unchecked power has changed the world

Trump's second presidency demonstrates that traditional international law, diplomatic norms, and constitutional checks provide minimal restraint on US presidential power to wage war and reshape global policy.
US politics
fromIntelligencer
5 days ago

How the Bombing of Schoolchildren Fits Into Trump's War

The Trump administration justifies military actions against Iran by labeling them as evil, dismissing international warfare standards and offering inconsistent rationales for the broader military campaign.
World politics
fromwww.theguardian.com
5 days ago

The Guardian view on the Iran war and international law: it's worse than a mistake; it's a crime | Editorial

Western nations apply inconsistent standards in condemning military aggression, loudly criticizing Russia's invasion of Ukraine while remaining largely silent about US and Israeli military actions against Iran and Lebanon, undermining claims of universal international law.
World politics
fromThe Washington Post
6 days ago

Trump's friendship, once an asset, becomes a liability for Italy's Meloni

Italian Prime Minister Meloni distances herself from Trump's Middle East policies while maintaining diplomatic ties, condemning military strikes and questioning unilateral interventions outside international law.
France politics
fromwww.aljazeera.com
1 week ago

France walks fine line' as US-Israel war on Iran escalates

France criticizes the US-Israel assault on Iran as illegal while blaming Iran for the conflict, balancing condemnation with acknowledgment of Tehran's responsibility.
#us-iran-relations
fromIrish Independent
1 week ago
World news

MEP Barry Andrews goes against party and says attack on Iran a breach of international law

Fianna Fail MEP Barry Andrews declares the US-Israel attack on Iran breaches international law, contradicting his party's government position which avoids calling it illegal.
fromwww.dw.com
1 week ago
Germany politics

Iran, Germany and the end of the rules-based order

German Chancellor Merz avoids publicly criticizing US-Israeli military actions that breach international law, prioritizing transatlantic relations over legal principles.
World news
fromIrish Independent
1 week ago

MEP Barry Andrews goes against party and says attack on Iran a breach of international law

Fianna Fail MEP Barry Andrews declares the US-Israel attack on Iran breaches international law, contradicting his party's government position which avoids calling it illegal.
Germany politics
fromwww.dw.com
1 week ago

Iran, Germany and the end of the rules-based order

German Chancellor Merz avoids publicly criticizing US-Israeli military actions that breach international law, prioritizing transatlantic relations over legal principles.
World politics
fromwww.theguardian.com
1 week ago

Trump and the Tories would have the UK wade into another Middle East war. Kudos to Starmer: he has not done that | Matt Western

Keir Starmer's measured response to Iran strikes—supporting US defensive actions within international law while protecting British interests—reflects prudent statecraft aligned with historical precedent and public opinion.
#middle-east-conflict
fromIrish Independent
1 week ago
World politics

Government delivers thinly-veiled rebuke to President Connolly on Middle East war; Trump to hold press conference

The Government issued a rebuke to President Connolly after she criticized deliberate assaults on international law in the Middle East conflict, while the Government avoided explicitly condemning the US and Israel.
fromIrish Independent
2 weeks ago
World politics

UN calls for investigation into deadly strike on school in Iran; government seeks to charter flights home for Irish stranded in Middle East

Irish political leaders debate government's response to US-Israel attacks on Iran, with opposition demanding unequivocal condemnation while the Taoiseach emphasizes Iran's regional destabilization and calls for de-escalation through negotiation.
World politics
fromIrish Independent
1 week ago

Government delivers thinly-veiled rebuke to President Connolly on Middle East war; Trump to hold press conference

The Government issued a rebuke to President Connolly after she criticized deliberate assaults on international law in the Middle East conflict, while the Government avoided explicitly condemning the US and Israel.
World politics
fromIrish Independent
2 weeks ago

UN calls for investigation into deadly strike on school in Iran; government seeks to charter flights home for Irish stranded in Middle East

Irish political leaders debate government's response to US-Israel attacks on Iran, with opposition demanding unequivocal condemnation while the Taoiseach emphasizes Iran's regional destabilization and calls for de-escalation through negotiation.
World politics
fromwww.aljazeera.com
1 week ago

Why international law is still the world's best defence

The post-World War II international legal order faces erosion from ultranationalism, great-power rivalries, and norm violations, risking a return to force-based politics where power supersedes principle.
fromwww.aljazeera.com
1 week ago

Iran's legal case for striking the Gulf collapses under scrutiny

Iran attacked them anyway. The idea that the Gulf states have a responsibility, a moral one, to protect Iran from the consequences of its actions because of good neighbourliness is now grotesque in context. Iran did not return good neighbourliness. Iran returned ballistic missiles.
World politics
#us-iran-conflict
World politics
fromwww.aljazeera.com
1 week ago

Has Donald Trump failed to sell the Iran war to the world?

The US and Israel conduct strikes against Iran without active participation from major Western allies, who view the conflict as violating international law.
fromwww.independent.co.uk
2 weeks ago
US politics

US and Israeli strikes against Iran not legal in a way that the UK would recognise'

US and Israeli strikes against Iran lack legal recognition under UK international law standards, according to a former UK national security adviser.
fromTruthout
3 weeks ago
US politics

Trump Admin Contradicts Itself on Rationale for Potential Iran Strikes

The Trump administration appears poised to launch a military strike on Iran to force a nuclear deal and possibly pursue regime change.
World politics
fromwww.aljazeera.com
1 week ago

Has Donald Trump failed to sell the Iran war to the world?

The US and Israel conduct strikes against Iran without active participation from major Western allies, who view the conflict as violating international law.
World politics
fromwww.dw.com
2 weeks ago

Iran war: Will Europe's split on US strikes backfire?

US-Israeli strikes killed Iranian Supreme Leader Khamenei, creating diplomatic tension as the EU struggles to reconcile its rules-based order principles with the strikes' legality under international law.
World politics
fromwww.dw.com
2 weeks ago

Iran war: Will Europe's split on US strikes backfire?

US-Israeli strikes killed Iranian Supreme Leader Khamenei, creating diplomatic tension as the EU struggles to reconcile its rules-based order principles with the strikes' legality under international law.
#chagos-islands
UK politics
fromwww.independent.co.uk
2 weeks ago

Starmer to be accused of crimes against humanity' in legal challenge to Chagos deal

UK Prime Minister Keir Starmer faces legal challenges over his agreement to cede the Chagos Islands to Mauritius, with indigenous Chagossians claiming the deal constitutes a crime against humanity and potential genocide.
Women in technology
fromenglish.elpais.com
1 week ago

Malala: Reading a book alone in her room is an act of resistance for an Afghan girl'

Malala advocates for recognizing the systematic erasure of women in Afghanistan as gender apartheid, seeking legal classification during UN negotiations on crimes against humanity.
fromwww.theartnewspaper.com
1 week ago

Leading Russian archaeologist arrested in Poland over Crimean excavations

Alexander Butyagin, the head of the sector of ancient archaeology of the northern Black Sea region of the State Hermitage Museum in St Petersburg, was arrested in Poland in December 2025 at the request of Ukraine, which is seeking his extradition to stand trial in Ukraine. He is being charged with conducting illegal excavations in Crimea, the Black Sea peninsula illegally annexed by Russia in 2014.
Arts
#uk-military-policy
UK politics
fromwww.theguardian.com
2 weeks ago

Starmer says UK will not join regime change from the skies' on Iran

The UK will not participate in offensive strikes on Iran but permits defensive use of British bases, citing lessons from Iraq and national interest protection.
UK politics
fromwww.theguardian.com
2 weeks ago

Starmer says UK will not join regime change from the skies' on Iran

The UK will not participate in offensive strikes on Iran but permits defensive use of British bases, citing lessons from Iraq and national interest protection.
Europe politics
fromwww.dw.com
1 week ago

Iran war strains US-Spain relations

Trump threatened trade cuts against Spain after it banned US military bases from launching Iran strikes, citing international law violations.
fromwww.theguardian.com
1 week ago

Three men deported by US file legal case against Eswatini over detention

The people in detention have committed no crime [in Eswatini] and continue to undergo various human rights violations. They are being held indefinitely. They're totally frustrated with the situation. They just want to go back—some of them home, some of them to the US.
US news
World politics
fromwww.dw.com
1 week ago

Iran war: Will Southeast Asia opt for pragmatism?

Southeast Asian nations prioritize de-escalation and citizen safety in the Middle East following Iran-US conflict, with ASEAN calling the escalation a grave threat to regional stability.
World politics
fromwww.aljazeera.com
1 week ago

Israel puts a target on the back of the rules-based order

Israel's foreign ministry posted a threatening message comparing The Hague Group's diplomatic efforts to enforce international law to a destroyed Iranian warship, suggesting military consequences for those pursuing accountability in Gaza.
#uk-us-relations
UK politics
fromwww.theguardian.com
2 weeks ago

Cabinet ministers said to have opposed US use of British bases for military operation against Iran UK politics live

UK cabinet ministers blocked Prime Minister Keir Starmer from allowing the US to use British airbases for defensive strikes against Iran, citing international law concerns.
UK politics
fromwww.theguardian.com
2 weeks ago

Starmer faces greater quandary over special relationship' after Iran attack

Starmer's strategy of positioning himself as a Trump whisperer has failed, as the UK lacks influence over Trump's military decisions and now faces diplomatic pressure over Iran strikes.
UK politics
fromwww.theguardian.com
2 weeks ago

Cabinet ministers said to have opposed US use of British bases for military operation against Iran UK politics live

UK cabinet ministers blocked Prime Minister Keir Starmer from allowing the US to use British airbases for defensive strikes against Iran, citing international law concerns.
UK politics
fromwww.theguardian.com
2 weeks ago

Starmer faces greater quandary over special relationship' after Iran attack

Starmer's strategy of positioning himself as a Trump whisperer has failed, as the UK lacks influence over Trump's military decisions and now faces diplomatic pressure over Iran strikes.
Canada news
fromwww.aljazeera.com
2 weeks ago

Canada PM Carney says unable to rule out military role in Iran war

Canadian Prime Minister Mark Carney stated US-Israeli strikes on Iran appear inconsistent with international law while not ruling out Canada's potential military involvement in Middle East escalation.
#international-relations
Canada news
fromwww.npr.org
2 weeks ago

Carney says he backs strikes on Iran 'with some regret' as world order frays

Canadian Prime Minister Mark Carney supports U.S.-Israeli strikes on Iran while expressing regret over the breakdown of international order and norms.
fromFortune
2 weeks ago
Canada news

Canada's Carney says Trump didn't tip him off before striking Iran, but he supports the war 'with some regret' | Fortune

Canada news
fromwww.npr.org
2 weeks ago

Carney says he backs strikes on Iran 'with some regret' as world order frays

Canadian Prime Minister Mark Carney supports U.S.-Israeli strikes on Iran while expressing regret over the breakdown of international order and norms.
fromFortune
2 weeks ago
Canada news

Canada's Carney says Trump didn't tip him off before striking Iran, but he supports the war 'with some regret' | Fortune

#un-charter-article-24
World politics
fromwww.dw.com
2 weeks ago

Iran war: UN's red line on force tested again and again

Article 2(4) of the UN Charter prohibits countries from threatening or using force against another state's territory or political independence, serving as a cornerstone of modern international law to maintain peace through negotiation rather than armed conflict.
World politics
fromwww.dw.com
2 weeks ago

UN rules ban use of force, yet could not stop the Iran war

Article 2(4) of the UN Charter prohibits countries from threatening or using force against another state's territory or political independence, serving as a cornerstone of modern international law to maintain peace through negotiation rather than armed conflict.
World politics
fromwww.dw.com
2 weeks ago

Article 2(4): The UN Charter's prohibition on using force

Article 2(4) of the UN Charter prohibits countries from threatening or using force against another state's territory or political independence, serving as a cornerstone of modern international law to maintain peace through negotiation rather than armed conflict.
World politics
fromwww.dw.com
2 weeks ago

Iran war: UN's red line on force tested again and again

Article 2(4) of the UN Charter prohibits countries from threatening or using force against another state's territory or political independence, serving as a cornerstone of modern international law to maintain peace through negotiation rather than armed conflict.
World politics
fromwww.dw.com
2 weeks ago

UN rules ban use of force, yet could not stop the Iran war

Article 2(4) of the UN Charter prohibits countries from threatening or using force against another state's territory or political independence, serving as a cornerstone of modern international law to maintain peace through negotiation rather than armed conflict.
World politics
fromwww.dw.com
2 weeks ago

Article 2(4): The UN Charter's prohibition on using force

Article 2(4) of the UN Charter prohibits countries from threatening or using force against another state's territory or political independence, serving as a cornerstone of modern international law to maintain peace through negotiation rather than armed conflict.
fromwww.aljazeera.com
2 weeks ago

Spain denies White House claim it agreed to cooperate with US military

With respect to Spain, I think they heard the president's message yesterday loud and clear, and it's my understanding, over the past several hours, they've agreed to cooperate with the US military. The Spanish government was quick to dismiss the assertion, with Foreign Minister Jose Manuel Albares saying that he denies the White House's claim categorically.
Europe politics
World news
fromwww.mediaite.com
2 weeks ago

CNN Analyst Says the World Will Think US Is Guilty' of Killing School Girls After Trump Pentagon Presser

Secretary of Defense Hegseth's vague response to questions about a U.S. strike on an Iranian girls' school that killed at least 175 people, including 160 children, made the United States appear guilty to international observers.
World politics
fromenglish.elpais.com
2 weeks ago

Pedro Sanchez, on the US and Israeli attack on Iran: No to war, we are not going to be complicit'

Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez opposes military conflict in Iran and rejects Trump's trade threats, advocating for diplomacy and international law over violence.
France politics
fromwww.thelocal.fr
2 weeks ago

OPINION: Why Macron will not 'do a Chirac' over this Gulf war

Emmanuel Macron's France has adopted a more cautious stance toward US military action against Iran, contrasting sharply with Jacques Chirac's principled opposition to the 2003 Iraq invasion.
Miscellaneous
fromwww.theguardian.com
2 weeks ago

Spain's Sanchez says no to war' after Trump's threats over Nato spending and use of bases Europe live

Spain opposes military conflict and advocates for international law compliance, drawing parallels to Iraq's destabilizing consequences while committing to protect citizens in affected regions.
World politics
fromwww.aljazeera.com
2 weeks ago

Are US-Israeli attacks against Iran legal under international law?

US-Israeli strikes against Iran likely violate the UN Charter's prohibition on aggression, lacking valid legal justification or Security Council authorization.
Germany news
fromwww.dw.com
2 weeks ago

Merz in Washington: German chancellor meets with Trump

Chancellor Friedrich Merz met with President Donald Trump at the White House to discuss Iran policy, trade agreements, and Ukraine, with both leaders aligned on removing the Tehran regime but needing to address post-conflict planning.
#spain-military-bases
World news
fromwww.aljazeera.com
2 weeks ago

Spain refuses to let US use bases for Iran attacks

Spain condemns US and Israeli strikes on Iran as unjustified military intervention outside international law and prohibits use of its military bases for operations against Iran.
#uk-foreign-policy
UK politics
fromwww.theguardian.com
2 weeks ago

Starmer vows to avoid mistakes of Iraq' that have haunted Labour for decades

Keir Starmer's government distinguished itself from Tony Blair's Iraq decision by refusing to authorize US regime-change strikes on Iran from British bases, citing international law concerns, though it later permitted limited defensive operations.
UK politics
fromwww.theguardian.com
2 weeks ago

The Guardian view on parliament's role in war on Iran: MPs should vote before Britain gets sucked in | Editorial

Britain permits US use of bases for limited defensive strikes against Iranian attacks but refuses to join offensive action against Iran, requiring careful distinction between legal defensive measures and illegal regime change operations.
UK politics
fromwww.bbc.com
2 weeks ago

Starmer seeks to carve out distinct UK approach to this conflict

Prime Minister Starmer permits US use of UK bases for strikes against Iran while maintaining Britain will not join offensive action, distinguishing the UK approach from US and Israeli regime change objectives.
World news
fromwww.theguardian.com
2 weeks ago

What is the legality of the US and Israeli attacks on Iran?

Legal experts unanimously determined that US and Israeli attacks on Iran were unlawful under international law, as no imminent threat from Iran was demonstrated.
Germany news
fromwww.dw.com
2 weeks ago

Germany's chancellor meets Trump amid escalating Iran war

German Chancellor Merz travels to Washington to meet Trump amid Middle East escalation, balancing support for US-Israel actions with concerns about international law violations and advocating restraint.
Miscellaneous
fromwww.theguardian.com
2 weeks ago

Trump and Netanyahu's attack on Iran is an illegal act of aggression | Kenneth Roth

Trump and Netanyahu's military attack on Iran violates international law as it lacks UN Security Council authorization or legitimate self-defense justification, with no credible evidence of imminent threat.
World politics
fromwww.aljazeera.com
2 weeks ago

Who runs Venezuela now? Trump, oil and the fight for power

Venezuela's 2026 US-backed removal of Maduro raises fundamental questions about whether intervention advances democracy or constitutes illegal regime change with colonial implications.
fromPinkNews | Latest lesbian, gay, bi and trans news | LGBTQ+ news
3 weeks ago

Senegal aims to double the maximum prison sentence for homosexuality

Anyone committing an act against nature will be punished by five to 10 years' imprisonment. The bill modified the penal code to stipulate that any sexual act or act of a sexual nature between two people of the same sex constitutes an act against nature.
World politics
US politics
fromTruthout
3 weeks ago

Trump's Cruelty Is Strangling Cuba - Its Oil Reserves Could Be Empty by March

Trump's executive order targeting Cuba as an extraordinary threat was struck down by the Supreme Court for exceeding presidential authority under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act.
#us-israel-relations
fromwww.aljazeera.com
3 weeks ago

Human rights outmuscled by rule of force' globally, UN chief warns

Guterres stressed that this assault is not coming from the shadows or by surprise. It is happening in plain sight and often led by those who hold the greatest power. He did not mention specific situations although he did voice outrage at Russia's war in Ukraine, where he said more than 15,000 civilians had been killed in four years of violence. It is more than past time to end the bloodshed, he said.
World politics
World news
fromwww.theguardian.com
3 weeks ago

Huckabee's Israel land remarks condemned as dangerous' as controversy rumbles on

US ambassador to Israel suggested a biblical claim to land between the Nile and Euphrates; Arab and Islamic states condemned the remarks as dangerous.
fromwww.aljazeera.com
3 weeks ago

US envoy suggests it would be fine' if Israel expands across Middle East

Mike Huckabee, the United States ambassador to Israel, has suggested that he would not object if Israel were to take most of the Middle East, stressing what he described as the Jewish people's right to the land. In an interview with conservative commentator Tucker Carlson that aired on Friday, Huckabee was pressed about the geographical borders of Israel, which he argues are rooted in the Bible.
US politics
Law
fromAbove the Law
3 weeks ago

The Best Law Schools For International Law (2026) - Above the Law

Top-ranked law schools offer comprehensive international law programs emphasizing curricula breadth—concentrations, clinics, centers, externships, journals, student groups, and certificates.
France news
fromwww.theguardian.com
3 weeks ago

One in, one out': what has happened to asylum seekers forced to return to France?

The UK–France 'one in, one out' treaty returns too few migrants, while many continue crossing, leaving returnees distressed and raising international law concerns.
#unrwa
World news
fromwww.theguardian.com
4 weeks ago

Credit cards cancelled, Google accounts closed: ICC judges on life under Trump sanctions

US sanctions against International Criminal Court officials undermine the court's independence and hinder its ability to investigate alleged crimes involving US and Israeli officials.
#west-bank-annexation
World news
fromwww.dw.com
4 weeks ago

What is the 'rules-based order' and can it survive?

The rules-based international order, built on post-World War II multilateral institutions and laws, faces erosion and contested legitimacy worldwide.
#west-bank
#us-military
#cuba
US politics
fromThe Nation
1 month ago

JD Vance: A Prisoner of the Caucasus

The "Donroe Doctrine" prioritizes "might makes right", disregards international law, and pursues risky confrontations to expand American influence.
#gaza
World news
fromwww.theguardian.com
1 month ago

The Guardian view on Jimmy Lai: what Britain's caution says about its relationship to Beijing's power | Editorial

Jimmy Lai received a 20-year sentence under national security laws that signal routine repression and severely constrain Hong Kong's freedoms.
World news
fromwww.aljazeera.com
1 month ago

Shipping giant MSC facilitates trade from Israeli settlements through EU

MSC facilitated at least 957 shipments from Israeli settlements in the occupied West Bank to the United States in 2025, using European ports.
#venezuela
Philosophy
fromThe Conversation
1 month ago

How Trump's Greenland threats amount to an implicit rejection of the legal principles of Nuremberg

The Trump administration prioritizes national self-interest to justify possible military actions, challenging legal principles that prohibit aggressive war.
World news
fromwww.aljazeera.com
1 month ago

No one power' can solve global problems, says UN chief as Trump veers away

International cooperation is eroding as powerful countries undermine multilateral institutions, threatening international law while the UN pushes for just, sustainable peace and global problem-solving.
World news
fromwww.aljazeera.com
1 month ago

Even in death, Palestinians are still denied dignity

Israeli forces desecrated hundreds of Palestinian graves, killed civilians, and violated international law while retrieving an Israeli body from a Gaza cemetery.
#rwanda-uk-migration-deal
World news
fromLondon Business News | Londonlovesbusiness.com
1 month ago

Putin is abusing INTERPOL to 'pursue critics' such as journalists and those connected to Ukraine - London Business News | Londonlovesbusiness.com

INTERPOL is being exploited by Russia to pursue critics, journalists, activists, and others internationally, undermining protections against political persecution and neutral legal mechanisms.
Miscellaneous
fromwww.theguardian.com
1 month ago

Spanish court points finger at Israel as it drops Pegasus spyware case again

Spanish courts halted their Pegasus spyware probe into senior ministers because Israeli authorities repeatedly failed to cooperate, breaching international cooperation and good faith.
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