The entry of Central Europe into history defies straightforward assumptions; some connections will probably remain forever hidden behind the abyss of time, while for others, conjecture will have to suffice.
The second reason for seeing the connection as a strategic pact between Pisa and Denia - and this is the circumstantial evidence - lies in the configuration of military actions across the eleventh century.
In all three scenarios, those annals were written some time after the alleged events they describe, and - in the case of /E and D - by chroniclers who were collaborating to create a narrative that had been purged of uncomfortable details.
"This is an illuminated script, with hand-drawn figures and beautiful calligraphy-it is a medieval work of art in its own right," she explains. "What makes it unique is the inclusion of response texts, indicating it was likely used by groups or families during prayer."