#winnicott
#winnicott

17 hours ago

Psychology explains the most important thing a parent can give a child isn't stability or education or opportunity - it's the experience of being genuinely delighted in, the specific and irreplaceable feeling of being someone's favorite thing in the room, and children who had that carry it as a foundation and children who didn't spend their whole lives building one - Silicon Canals

Being genuinely delighted in is a crucial gift parents can give their children, impacting their confidence and future well-being.

Research suggests the 1960s and 70s produced adults who could self-soothe, entertain themselves, and tolerate boredom - not because their parents were wise but because their parents were simply elsewhere - Silicon Canals

Modern parenting emphasizes structured activities, contrasting sharply with past generations' unstructured play, which may have fostered resilience and independence in children.

Psychology says parents who can't stop helping their adult children aren't being loving - they're unconsciously protecting themselves from the terror of becoming unnecessary - Silicon Canals

Parental overinvolvement may stem from a fear of irrelevance rather than solely from love.

Relationships

7 Words Adult Children Say Before Cutting Off Parents

Parenting

Psychology says the 1960s and 70s accidentally produced one of the most emotionally durable generations in modern history - not through better parenting but through benign neglect that forced children to develop internal regulation instead of waiting for adult intervention - Silicon Canals

Parenting

What Good Parents Are Actually Trying to Do

17 hours ago

Psychology explains the most important thing a parent can give a child isn't stability or education or opportunity - it's the experience of being genuinely delighted in, the specific and irreplaceable feeling of being someone's favorite thing in the room, and children who had that carry it as a foundation and children who didn't spend their whole lives building one - Silicon Canals

Being genuinely delighted in is a crucial gift parents can give their children, impacting their confidence and future well-being.

Research suggests the 1960s and 70s produced adults who could self-soothe, entertain themselves, and tolerate boredom - not because their parents were wise but because their parents were simply elsewhere - Silicon Canals

Modern parenting emphasizes structured activities, contrasting sharply with past generations' unstructured play, which may have fostered resilience and independence in children.

Psychology says parents who can't stop helping their adult children aren't being loving - they're unconsciously protecting themselves from the terror of becoming unnecessary - Silicon Canals

Parental overinvolvement may stem from a fear of irrelevance rather than solely from love.

7 Words Adult Children Say Before Cutting Off Parents

Disconnection often begins quietly, with feelings of not being understood leading to significant relationship breakdowns.

Psychology says the 1960s and 70s accidentally produced one of the most emotionally durable generations in modern history - not through better parenting but through benign neglect that forced children to develop internal regulation instead of waiting for adult intervention - Silicon Canals

Children in the 70s thrived on unstructured play and minimal parental intervention, fostering independence and problem-solving skills.

What Good Parents Are Actually Trying to Do

Every child needs an integration of structure, love, and wisdom to become a self-governed adult.

The Enduring Power of the Anti-mother

Anti-mothers invert the caring mother stereotype, preying on children and seducing men, exemplified by the character Lucy Westenra in Dracula.

16 hours ago

Psychology suggests people who were never taken seriously as children grow into adults who either compulsively over-explain or go completely silent - and both responses are the same wound wearing different clothes - Silicon Canals

Over-explaining often stems from trauma and anxiety, leading to chronic justification of one's presence in conversations.

Philosophy

Was I Ever Really Young?

Youth is characterized by openness and curiosity, which can be cultivated at any age through conscious choices.

Psychology says people who drop their friends as soon as they get into a new relationship aren't choosing love over friendship - they're revealing that the friendships were always filling a need the relationship now fills, and the difference between a friend and a placeholder is something most people only discover when the relationship arrives and the friends quietly disappear - Silicon Canals

Friendships often fade when one partner enters a romantic relationship, revealing the superficial nature of some connections.

19 hours ago

A Parent's Guide to Child-Centered Play Therapy

Child-Centered Play Therapy (CCPT) relies on the child-therapist relationship to facilitate therapeutic change through child-led play.

Social justice

The Children Are Always Ours

Grieving and compassion for suffering children can inspire meaningful action to protect them.

A clinical psychologist explains that the need to 'earn' your place in every room you enter isn't humility. It's the residue of a childhood where love had prerequisites, and you internalized the application process as permanent. - Silicon Canals

Humility can mask a dangerous need for validation rooted in childhood experiences, leading to exhaustion rather than true ambition.

14 hours ago

Why Healing Yourself Can Trigger Survivor's Guilt

Healing can create survivor's guilt when it distances individuals from dysfunctional loved ones.

I Don't Let Anyone I Date Meet My Parents. That's Not a Red Flag. I Have a Very Good Reason Why.

Some individuals avoid introducing partners to difficult family members to protect them from negative experiences.

Parenting

Did My Mom Really Love One of Us More Than the Other?

The favored child dynamic shifted dramatically during adolescence, leading to feelings of rebellion and alienation.

I Don't Let Anyone I Date Meet My Parents. That's Not a Red Flag. I Have a Very Good Reason Why.

Some individuals avoid introducing partners to difficult family members to protect them from negative experiences.

Did My Mom Really Love One of Us More Than the Other?

The favored child dynamic shifted dramatically during adolescence, leading to feelings of rebellion and alienation.

Psychology suggests the most reliable sign that someone had a difficult childhood isn't what they tell you about it - it's how startled they look when you are simply kind to them without a reason, as though kindness without a transaction attached is something the body recognizes as unusual before the mind has finished deciding what to do with it - Silicon Canals

Kindness can trigger confusion in those with a history of trauma due to learned survival responses from past experiences.

#emotional-unavailability

When the Body Heals: Recovery From Relational Stress

Emotional stressors can lead to chronic stress, affecting immunity and increasing autoimmune disease risk, but healing can occur after relational stress ends.

Most people don't realize that children who grow up without affection don't struggle with love as adults. They struggle with trusting it, because it never felt safe to depend on - Silicon Canals

Emotional unavailability stems from a lack of early affection, leading to difficulties in accepting love despite an inherent capacity for it.

Psychology says parents who provided everything materially and nothing emotionally aren't cold - they were loved the same way and genuinely had no idea there was another option - Silicon Canals

Emotionally unavailable parents often substitute material provision and gifts for emotional presence, translating affection into the only language they fluently speak.

Most people don't realize that children who grow up without affection don't struggle with love as adults. They struggle with trusting it, because it never felt safe to depend on - Silicon Canals

Emotional unavailability stems from a lack of early affection, leading to difficulties in accepting love despite an inherent capacity for it.

more#emotional-unavailability

Psychology says parents who provided everything materially and nothing emotionally aren't cold - they were loved the same way and genuinely had no idea there was another option - Silicon Canals

Emotionally unavailable parents often substitute material provision and gifts for emotional presence, translating affection into the only language they fluently speak.

Stop Fixing, Start Strengthening: How to Raise Resilient Kids

Teaching children to navigate difficult emotions fosters resilience, confidence, and self-worth.

Parenting

Narrative Play and Resilience in Early Female Development

Stop Fixing, Start Strengthening: How to Raise Resilient Kids

Teaching children to navigate difficult emotions fosters resilience, confidence, and self-worth.

Narrative Play and Resilience in Early Female Development

Myth-inspired dolls enhance children's resilience and identity through imaginative play and storytelling, offering deeper psychological engagement than traditional toys.

Study confirms serial killers attack victims who resemble their MUMS

Serial killers often select victims resembling their mothers due to unresolved childhood trauma.

What Happens When We Simultaneously Seek and Avoid Intimacy?

Loneliness has escalated to a public health crisis, significantly impacting mortality rates and emotional well-being.

Slow Down for Love

Slowing down enhances relationships and personal well-being by improving the quality of experiences over the quantity of tasks.

Psychology says people who feel like they've been living someone else's life aren't confused or ungrateful - they're often the ones who were so good at adapting in childhood that they never stopped adapting long enough to find out who they actually were - Silicon Canals

Adapting to others' needs in childhood can lead to feeling disconnected and lost in adulthood.

3 days ago

Two Signs You're Raising a Hyper-Sensitive Child

Parenting requires understanding and support for emotionally sensitive children who may react more intensely to situations than their peers.

When Parts Begin to Merge: Inside Integration

Integration is a complex, lived experience involving reorganization of the self, requiring safety and support systems for healing from complex trauma.

#emotional-regulation

What 'I Need Space' Actually Means in a Relationship

Requesting space in a relationship often signifies a need for emotional regulation rather than a desire for distance.

Psychology

Psychology says the people who appear emotionless in a crisis were usually the children who learned that someone had to stay calm or everything would fall apart - Silicon Canals

What 'I Need Space' Actually Means in a Relationship

Requesting space in a relationship often signifies a need for emotional regulation rather than a desire for distance.

more#emotional-regulation

Psychology

Psychology says the people who appear emotionless in a crisis were usually the children who learned that someone had to stay calm or everything would fall apart - Silicon Canals

3 days ago

Handedness in Children of Traumatized Mothers

Higher maternal post-traumatic stress during pregnancy is linked to increased mixed-handedness in children.

3 days ago

What Makes Painful Memories Stick

Painful memories linger because they signal threats to core psychological needs, making them psychologically urgent and demanding more cognitive processing.

I grew up in the 1970s and the closest thing I had to therapy was my uncle telling me to 'walk it off' after I broke my collarbone - and that phrase became my entire emotional philosophy for the next fifty years - Silicon Canals

Some emotional wounds cannot be healed by simply ignoring them; they require acknowledgment and processing.

Psychology says people who apologize constantly without realizing it are more damaged than they appear - because they internalize blame and absorb conflict, a survival response from childhood, which never switches off even when they're safe - Silicon Canals

Excessive apologizing often stems from childhood experiences of mistreatment and can lead to chronic self-blame in adulthood.

I grew up with a mother who was physically there but emotionally unreachable - and the confusion that produced, the child's inability to grieve a parent who is standing right in front of them, is the thing I have spent the most years in therapy trying to untangle and the thing I understood least for the longest - Silicon Canals

Emotional absence from a present parent can lead to profound feelings of unworthiness in a child.

Mental health

If you rarely received affection growing up, psychology says you likely developed these 8 personality traits - Silicon Canals

Parenting

The Invisible Type of Emotionally Neglectful Parent

I grew up with a mother who was physically there but emotionally unreachable - and the confusion that produced, the child's inability to grieve a parent who is standing right in front of them, is the thing I have spent the most years in therapy trying to untangle and the thing I understood least for the longest - Silicon Canals

Emotional absence from a present parent can lead to profound feelings of unworthiness in a child.

Mental health

If you rarely received affection growing up, psychology says you likely developed these 8 personality traits - Silicon Canals

Parenting

The Invisible Type of Emotionally Neglectful Parent

more#emotional-neglect

#attachment-theory

Psychology

An Acclaimed Scientist Brought Attachment Theory to the Masses-and the Masses Completely Misunderstood It. His New Book Sets the Record Straight.

Maybe You Don't Have Anxious Attachment

Attachment theory describes relationship patterns as anxious, avoidant, or secure, but attachment exists on a continuum rather than as fixed labels.

Psychology

5 Attachment Lessons You Need to Learn for Love

Psychology

If you can't ask for help without feeling like a burden, somewhere in your childhood you learned that your needs were an imposition on the people who were supposed to care for you - Silicon Canals

Early caregiver unresponsiveness trains a lifelong fear of asking for help, making dependence feel dangerous, exposing, and burdensome.

Psychology

What People Get Wrong About Attachment Theory

Early caregiver availability and responsiveness shape internal working models and attachment strategies that influence emotional regulation, intimacy, and future relationship patterns.

An Acclaimed Scientist Brought Attachment Theory to the Masses-and the Masses Completely Misunderstood It. His New Book Sets the Record Straight.

Attachment theory categorizes individuals into four types based on their relationship styles, influencing various aspects of life including love, work, and social interactions.

Maybe You Don't Have Anxious Attachment

Attachment theory describes relationship patterns as anxious, avoidant, or secure, but attachment exists on a continuum rather than as fixed labels.

Psychology

5 Attachment Lessons You Need to Learn for Love

Psychology

If you can't ask for help without feeling like a burden, somewhere in your childhood you learned that your needs were an imposition on the people who were supposed to care for you - Silicon Canals

Psychology

What People Get Wrong About Attachment Theory

more#attachment-theory

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Psychoanalyst Stephen Grosz: Some people find unhappiness more comfortable than surrendering to love'

For one human being to love another: that is perhaps the most difficult of all our tasks, the ultimate, the last test and proof, the work for which all other work is but preparation.

Relationships

Philosophy

Suffering: A Portal to Love

Suffering is universal and inevitable; what matters is how we interpret and relate to it, distinguishing between necessary suffering that accompanies growth and unnecessary suffering from resistance and mental patterns.

Children who grew up watching their parents stay together despite being visibly unhappy often develop a very specific fear as adults - they confuse sacrifice with love and can't tell the difference until someone shows them both - Silicon Canals

Emotional bonds with caregivers shape adult attachment patterns, influencing perceptions of love and suffering in relationships.

Miscellaneous

Psychology says people who were the "easy child" in their family didn't actually have fewer needs - they just learned faster than their siblings that expressing those needs came at a cost - Silicon Canals

Children who suppress their needs to avoid conflict often internalize the belief that having needs makes them burdensome, carrying this pattern into adulthood.

People who were labeled 'the easy child' often became adults who confuse having no needs with being low maintenance, and the difference between those two things is about thirty years of unasked questions - Silicon Canals

Easy children often grow into adults who suppress their needs, leading to quiet suffering despite appearing content.

I'm 37 and my daughter just said sorry for laughing too loud and I recognized the exact moment a child starts editing herself because I remember the day I did it too, and I remember who taught me. - Silicon Canals

Children often self-regulate their joy, but this can lead to unnecessary apologies for natural expressions of happiness.

People who were labeled 'the easy child' often became adults who confuse having no needs with being low maintenance, and the difference between those two things is about thirty years of unasked questions - Silicon Canals

Easy children often grow into adults who suppress their needs, leading to quiet suffering despite appearing content.

I'm 37 and my daughter just said sorry for laughing too loud and I recognized the exact moment a child starts editing herself because I remember the day I did it too, and I remember who taught me. - Silicon Canals

Children often self-regulate their joy, but this can lead to unnecessary apologies for natural expressions of happiness.

more#child-development

A Problem-Focused Psychodynamic Approach to Trauma

Persistent PTSD symptoms indicate a need for additional therapeutic approaches beyond first-line treatments.

My Needy Aunt Is Back in My Life. Now She's Got Her Eyes on My Daughter.

Navigating family relationships can be challenging, especially when expectations and memories differ between generations.

The Ecology of Motherhood

Motherhood mirrors ecological resilience, requiring acceptance of transformation and recovery through challenges akin to natural processes like fire and regeneration.

Psychology says people who grew up in households where no one talked about emotions but everyone felt them intensely display these 9 traits in adult relationships-and most of them look like strength until you understand the cost - Silicon Canals

When you grow up in a house where nobody says what they're feeling, you become hypervigilant to every shift in mood, every sigh, every slammed cabinet door. You had to. It was survival. As an adult, this translates into constantly scanning your partner's face for micro-expressions, analyzing their tone for hidden meanings. You think you're being perceptive, but here's the thing: you're often projecting your childhood experiences onto completely different situations.

Miscellaneous

I grew up thinking my mother was cold because she never said I love you. I'm in my 60s now and I finally understand she said it every single day. She said it in packed lunches and ironed uniforms and the way she sat outside the school fifteen minutes early so I'd never have to look for her. - Silicon Canals

Love can be expressed through actions rather than words, often leading to misunderstandings in family relationships.

7 signs you were the emotional translator between your parents as a child and it permanently changed the way your brain processes your own feelings as an adult - Silicon Canals

Parentification leads children to assume adult caregiving roles, impacting their emotional processing and self-awareness into adulthood.

Psychology

How Growing Up Parentified Impacts Your Relationships

7 signs you were the emotional translator between your parents as a child and it permanently changed the way your brain processes your own feelings as an adult - Silicon Canals

Parentification leads children to assume adult caregiving roles, impacting their emotional processing and self-awareness into adulthood.

Psychology

How Growing Up Parentified Impacts Your Relationships

Psychology says people who were constantly criticized as children don't grow up to be tougher adults - they grow up to be adults who flinch before anyone has raised a hand and apologize before anyone has accused them and the hypervigilance that kept them safe at seven is now destroying every relationship they enter at sixty-seven because their body still reads love as a trap with better packaging - Silicon Canals

Childhood trauma and harsh criticism create lasting emotional wounds that rewire how adults perceive safety, relationships, and intimacy, causing the nervous system to misidentify emotional connection as danger.

People who grew up watching one parent silently absorb the other's mood didn't just learn patience. They learned that love looks like disappearing, and they've been replicating that pattern in every relationship since without recognizing it as a blueprint. - Silicon Canals

Children internalize their parents' conflict resolution patterns, often learning self-erasure and emotional accommodation as love rather than developing healthy boundary-setting and authentic communication skills.

Psychology says people who were constantly criticized as children don't grow up to be tougher adults - they grow up to be adults who flinch before anyone has raised a hand and apologize before anyone has accused them and the hypervigilance that kept them safe at seven is now destroying every relationship they enter at sixty-seven because their body still reads love as a trap with better packaging - Silicon Canals

People who grew up watching one parent silently absorb the other's mood didn't just learn patience. They learned that love looks like disappearing, and they've been replicating that pattern in every relationship since without recognizing it as a blueprint. - Silicon Canals

more#childhood-trauma

7 behavioral patterns people display when they were raised by a parent who loved them deeply but had no idea how to express it without criticism - Silicon Canals

Critical parents can love deeply yet struggle to express it without criticism, leading to complex emotional patterns in their children.

Should Children Have Imaginary Friends?

Imaginary companions are normal childhood experiences that develop theory of mind, empathy, and perspective-taking skills rather than hindering social-emotional growth.

Research suggests that children who grew up as the emotional translator between two parents often become adults who can read a room instantly but have almost no idea what they themselves are actually feeling - Silicon Canals

Children who become emotional caretakers for parents develop heightened ability to read others' emotions but often lose touch with their own feelings, creating a lasting pattern of external awareness paired with internal disconnection.

Research suggests the reason your mother cries when she's happy for you and your father goes quiet when he's proud of you isn't a generational difference - it's that the emotion of watching the person you made succeed at the thing you were afraid they'd fail at overwhelms the two systems differently, and both the tears and the silence are the sound of a nervous system that cares more than the body knows how to express - Silicon Canals

Parents experience overwhelming relief when children succeed because it resolves deep-seated fears about their financial stability and future, expressed through different emotional channels rather than different values.

Are Your Parents Still Treating You Like a Child?

Adult children feel micromanaged by parents who haven't adapted their parenting approach, driven by parental worry and need for connection; redefining their role rather than pushing them away resolves the conflict.

Healthcare

Letting Go of Parents

Letting go of aging parents requires acceptance, practical planning, emotional resilience, regular presence, and adapting when care needs change.

Mindfulness

"Bad Behavior" Is Actually Overwhelm in Disguise

Many children's tantrums and defiant behaviors are biologically driven stress responses, signaling an overwhelmed nervous system operating from fight-flight-freeze.

The Music of the Umbilical Cord

My daughter refused to accept what she was being told and sat by my side, tapping and singing softly. She sang my Hebrew kindergarten songs, one after another, continuously without pause. These were the songs I sang to her when she was small. She sang instinctively, as if her body knew something before her mind did. As if she understood, without explanation, how to bring her mother back to life.

Medicine

Two Solutions for When You're Feeling Insecurely Attached

Avoidantly attached people benefit from novel activities with partners, while anxiously attached people feel more secure engaging in familiar, comfortable activities together.

Psychology

Can You Heal Unhealthy Attachment?

Two Solutions for When You're Feeling Insecurely Attached

Avoidantly attached people benefit from novel activities with partners, while anxiously attached people feel more secure engaging in familiar, comfortable activities together.

Psychology

Can You Heal Unhealthy Attachment?

more#attachment-styles

A Secret That Some Mothers Will Never Tell

Mothers commonly experience love without liking their children, a stigmatized feeling kept secret due to idealized motherhood expectations that deny natural ambivalence.

What Your Childhood Bedroom Can Teach You About Purpose

Purpose is built through identifying and pursuing childhood interests and curiosities that naturally engage you, rather than discovered as a predetermined destination.

I've Always Known What Kind of Person My Mother Is. Unfortunately, My 3-Year-Old Has Figured It Out, Too.

It's easy to get caught up in what we believe we owe our parents. But we shouldn't forget what we owe ourselves, or our children. It's great that your child was able to communicate her discomfort to you. She has let you know that she 'really, really' doesn't want to visit your mom. And now I think she needs you to pay attention to those things.

Parenting

What "Punch" Taught Us About Earned Secure Attachment

Earned secure attachment develops through reflective capacity and emotional integration of early adversity, not through ideal childhoods.

There's No Such Thing as a Child Expert

No true parenting or child experts exist because children are unique, fallible, and inconsistent individuals; expertise in parenting strategies does not equate to understanding your specific child better than you do.

Psychology says older parents who complain that their kids are too sensitive are usually describing children who finally felt safe enough to feel things their parents never allowed themselves to feel - Silicon Canals

Emotional expression and vulnerability in younger generations represent strength and self-awareness, not weakness, contrasting with older generations' suppressed emotional cultures.

Psychology says women who were always told "you're so independent" as children usually carry these 8 patterns into every relationship - and most of them aren't strengths - Silicon Canals

Through therapy and a lot of self-reflection, I've discovered that those of us who were labeled "so independent" as children often carry specific patterns into our adult relationships. And here's the uncomfortable truth: most of these patterns aren't actually serving us well.

Relationships

How Childhood and Its Wounds Help Us Know Ourselves

Integrated psychological, spiritual, and saintly development transforms childhood wounds into compassion, guiding individuals toward universal stewardship and non-retaliatory grief.

How to Love Your 'Daughtering' Without Losing Yourself

Adult daughters perform substantial invisible logistical and emotional labor—"daughtering"—requiring naming, boundary-setting, and a sustainable values-based relationship to that role.

If these 7 scenarios trigger you more than they should, you likely had a parent who loved you conditionally - Silicon Canals

Childhood conditional love makes adults equate criticism and disappointment with personal worth, causing chronic approval-seeking, anxiety, and disproportionate reactions to everyday feedback.

Why Childhood Neglect Still Shows Up in Adult Relationships

Childhood neglect describes the trauma of what didn't happen. Neglect occurs when parents or caregivers fail to meet their child's educational needs or to provide adequate food, shelter, and medical care. Also, when parents and caregivers fail to provide emotional support, they may withhold validation, nurture, and affection, resulting in emotional neglect.

Mental health

Psychology says people who feel guilty saying no carry these 7 traits linked to conditional love in childhood - Silicon Canals

Conditional childhood love can make adults equate worth with usefulness, causing chronic people-pleasing and difficulty saying no.

fromLondon Business News | Londonlovesbusiness.com

3 Ways Overthinking Infantilizes Adult Children

Many adult children aren't failing because they lack intelligence, talent, or opportunity. They are stuck because they think too much and act too little. The parents I work with often describe these children in the same way: bright, sensitive, thoughtful, and capable. Over time, this not only slows growth but also infantilizes adulthood, keeping capable young adults dependent on certainty, reassurance, and avoidance rather than action.

Mental health

Why does my baby cry for no reason? A new mom's guide to what's really going on - London Business News | Londonlovesbusiness.com

Being a new mom can be overwhelming, especially when you can't figure out why your baby is crying. There might have already been a time you ask yourself, "Why does my baby cry for no reason?" You must have missed your baby's subtle signs. If you use a video baby monitor , you can spot their cues quickly and take action immediately before crying starts.

Parenting

fromenglish.elpais.com

I don't like my mother': Why do children decide to distance themselves from their parents?

Parents hold a key that grants access to areas of their child's life that no one else can enter a foundational intimacy. However, more and more people are choosing to sever that bond and throw the key away. It's difficult to quantify how many children have decided to stop speaking to their parents, although some studies point to a steady increase in recent years.

Relationships

Psychology says adults who apologize excessively were usually raised in homes where these 7 patterns were normalized - Silicon Canals

Excessive apologizing in adulthood often stems from childhood survival strategies formed in emotionally volatile or invalidating family environments.

Why You Remember What You Remember From Childhood

Early childhood memories persist when novel, emotional, repeated, or cued; recovering unconscious early choices allows making new decisions that improve enjoyment of life.

A Key Technique Therapists Use to Figure Out Kids

Naming a child's emotions reveals the feelings driving challenging behaviors and usually reduces those behaviors.

fromIndependent

Our daughter only wants her mum - how can I step in to help soothe her and share the load?

Young children often prefer one parent; gently stepping back and rebalancing caregiving duties prevents caregiver burnout and supports children's developing emotional regulation.

How to Practice Mentalization in Parenting

Mentalization is imagining and reflecting on a child's thoughts and feelings to improve parental understanding, model perspective-taking, and support emotional regulation.